ABSTRACT Inadequate management of pasture soils in the Amazon has resulted in a predominance of degraded pastures. Considering the natural characteristics of this region can favor more appropriate strategies for sustainability, the objective of this study was to evaluate the differences in the chemical and physical attributes of pasture and forest soils in the Southern Amazon and to identify the most sensitive attributes of their fertility. Additionally, this study suggests appropriate management practices for sustainable pastures. Soil samples from the 0 to 0.20 m layer were analyzed to determine pH, exchangeable bases (calcium, magnesium, and potassium), exchangeable aluminum, potential acidity, phosphorus, organic carbon, bulk density, and texture. Pasture soils had a higher pH, calcium content, and bulk density than forest soils. However, the pasture soils had lower phosphorus and organic matter content. The soil organic carbon stocks were also lower in pasture soils, with levels 0.8 to 12 Mg ha-1 lower than in forest soils. The fertility attributes most sensitive to soil management in these pastures were phosphorus, pH, organic carbon, and bulk density. The lack of nutrients and soil and water conservation practices have contributed to the degradation of these pastures. Therefore, the recommended management for these pastures should aim to improve the organic matter content, reduce compaction, and replenish and cycle nutrients.

RESUMO O manejo inadequado de solos de pastagens na Amazônia resulta em predomínio de pastagens degradadas. Considerando as características naturais dessa região pode favorecer estratégias mais adequadas para sua sustentabilidade, o objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar as diferenças de atributos químicos e físicos de solos de pastagens e florestas no sul da Amazônia e identificar os atributos mais sensíveis de sua fertilidade. Além disso, sugerir práticas de manejo mais adequadas para essas pastagens em direção à sustentabilidade. Amostras de solo da camada de 0 a 0,20 m foram analisadas para determinação de pH, bases trocáveis (cálcio, magnésio e potássio), alumínio trocável, acidez potencial, fósforo, carbono orgânico, densidade aparente e textura. Os solos de pastagem tiveram maior pH, cálcio e densidade aparente do que os solos de floresta. No entanto, os solos de pastagem apresentaram menores teores de fósforo e matéria orgânica. Os estoques de carbono orgânico do solo também foram menores nas pastagens, com teores de 0,8 a 12 Mg ha-1 inferiores aos solos da floresta. Os atributos de fertilidade mais sensíveis ao manejo do solo nessas pastagens foram fósforo, pH, carbono orgânico e densidade aparente. A carência de nutrientes e de práticas de conservação do solo e da água têm contribuído para o estado de degradação dessas pastagens. Portanto, o manejo recomendado para essas pastagens deve visar a melhoria da matéria orgânica, redução da compactação, além da reposição e ciclagem de nutrientes.

ABSTRACT River basin environmental diagnosis and monitoring are fundamental for water resource use and conservation plans, as these systems integrate different landscape elements and may undergo impacts and changes of different levels and scales. In this context, this work aimed to characterize the geospatial, morphometric, and environmental dynamics in the Mariana microbasin, in the municipality of Alta Floresta, to provide technical-scientific subsidies for environmental management and planning at a local and regional level. The microbasin was analyzed for morphometric, topographic, and land-use and cover parameters using geospatial data processed in a geographic information system. The microbasin is classified as fourth-order, has a network of 72 channels, and its relief is mostly flat and smooth wavy. Moreover, the soil is predominantly covered by agricultural lands, encompassing 70% of the area. This feature brings the need to adopt conservation practices for soil management. This study showed the need for continuous environmental monitoring programs and expansion of conservation actions in the studied area.

This work presents the electrochemical treatment of wastewater of biodiesel production, using DSA based on IrO2 and Nb2O5. The anode was prepared by modified Pechini method and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), in order to evaluate structural and morphological properties and by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry and accelerated stability test to investigate the electrochemical behavior. The SEM image shows the typical mud-cracked layer. By the XRD measurements, the oxides onto the support were crystallized as tetragonal IrO2 and hexagonal Nb2O5. The amount of glycerin and methanol in the wastewater were 1.60 and 0.31% (w/w), respectively. The electrochemical treatment of the wastewater was evaluated by electrolysis at different current densities and time. The total organic carbon (TOC) and UV-Vis spectra were performed during the electrolysis. The UV-Vis spectra obtained during the electrolysis at 100 and 150 mA cm-2, shows the disappearance of an absorption band at 264 nm and the appearance of one at 290 nm, which the absorption increases as current and the time of the electrolysis increases. The electrochemical treatment with the proposed DSA leads to 80% of removal of TOC by electrolysis at 150 mA cm-2 during the first 6 hours of the electrochemical treatment.

New asymmetric cardanol-based porphyrins, free-base and coordinated with Ni, Co and Cu, were synthesized and completely characterized as A3B type. Such porphyrins were obtained aiming improved solubility in polar solvents due insertion of an -OH phenolic group. Their thermal and dielectric properties were also evaluated. Changes in the synthetic route reduced the reaction time and improved the yields of the aldehyde precursor obtainment. Electronic absorption spectra of the new porphyrins in CH2Cl2, EtOH and acetone, indicated a decrease in the ε (molar absorptivity) values with increasing solvent polarity, except for the nickel complex which, in acetone, showed a slight increase of 2% in the ε value. The dielectric measurements showed that the conductivity (σ) and the loss tangent (tan δ) increased with frequency, but the permittivity (ε') decreased. The results showed that the coordination of the porphyrin promoted a significant change in thermal and dielectric properties, specially for to the Ni-complex compound, which presented the best dielectric properties with interesting values of permittivity and loss tangent at 100 MHz (19.46 and 0.011 a.u., respectively).

Este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a aplicação de doses crescentes (0, 10, 21 e 84 Mg de MS ha-1) de resíduo ruminal bovino (RRB) seco (90,00% MS) ou úmido (7,16% MS) com teor de nitrogênio (N) de 1,43% na MS estimando-se que apenas 33% de N do RRB seriam disponibilizados para atender à exigência da Urochloa brizantha cv. Xaraés de 0, 50, 100 e 400 kg N ha-1 sobre a fertilidade de Latossolo Vermelho distrófico (pHágua; complexo sortivo; P, N e matéria orgânica) após 30 dias da adubação orgânica e sobre a produção de biomassa (BIO) seca, altura, teores de nitrogênio (N) e proteína bruta (PB) após 60 e 120 dias de cultivo do capim Xaraés. Foi utilizado um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em fatorial 4 x 2 (quatro doses de adubação de RRB e duas condições de matéria seca do RRB) com três repetições. A aplicação de doses crescentes de RRB seco ou úmido aumentou de forma linear (p < 0,05), os teores de N, P, K+ e matéria orgânica do solo. As diferentes doses de RRB seco ou úmido aumentaram linearmente (p < 0,05) a BIO seca, os teores de N e PB do capim Xaraés após 60 dias de cultivo, embora se tenha observado comportamento quadrático (p < 0,05) para os teores de N e PB do capim Xaraés após 120 dias de cultivo. Desta maneira, a Urochloa brizantha cv. Xaraés apresenta maior produção de BIO seca, independente da época de corte e da condição de MS do RRB no momento da aplicação.

This study evaluated the application of increasing doses (0, 10, 21 and 84 Mg ha-1) of the dried bovine rumen residue (BRR) (90.00% DM) or wet (7.16% DM) with nitrogen content (N) of 1.43% in the DM, considering that only 33% of N of the BRR would be available to meet the requirement of Urochloa brizantha cv. Xaraés of 0, 50, 100 and 400 kg N ha-1, on the fertility of an Oxisol (pH in water, exchangeable cations, P, N and organic matter) after 30 days of organic fertilization and on the production of dry biomass (BIO), height, levels of nitrogen (N) and crude protein (CP) after 60 and 120 days of cultivation of the Xaraés. A completely randomized design was used in 4 x 2 factorial (four doses of fertilizer BRR and two conditions of RRB dry matter) with three replications. The application of increasing doses of dry or wet BRR increased linearly (p < 0.05) the levels of N, P, K and organic matter of soil. Different doses of dry or wet BRR increased linearly (p <0.05) the dry BIO, the contents of N and CP of the grass Xaraés after 60 days of cultivation, but a quadratic effect (p < 0.05) was verified for the contents of N and CP of the grass Xaraés after 120 days of cultivation. Thus, the Urochloa brizantha cv. Xaraés presented higher production of dry BIO, regardless of the harvest period and the condition of the DM of BRR at the application time.

Mudanças no estímulo auditivo afetam os potenciais evocados do BERA e ajudam no diagnóstico, principalmente em indivíduos com neuropatia auditiva. Alguns pacientes com neuropatia auditiva perdem as emissões otoacústicas evocadas e, nestes casos, a comparação das respostas obtidas com cliques rarefeitos e condensados e a redução da freqüência de apresentação deste clique podem mostrar um microfonismo coclear alargado ou uma melhor captação do potencial elétrico. OBJETIVO: Analisar o efeito destas mudanças sobre os potenciais captados em pacientes com deficiência auditiva, como forma de melhorar o diagnóstico. FORMA DO ESTUDO: Clínico prospectivo. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: 59 pacientes com deficiência auditiva foram submetidos à captação do BERA usando cliques rarefeitos e condensados apresentados a uma freqüência de 27,7/seg. e cliques rarefeitos apresentados a uma freqüência de 3,3/seg. Os resultados foram comparados com as emissões otoacústicas evocadas. RESULTADOS: Oito (13,53%) pacientes apresentaram alterações nos resultados do BERA com as mudanças nas características do clique, como microfonismo coclear alargado, ou uma melhora no traçado. Cinco não apresentavam emissões otoacústicas evocadas. CONCLUSÃO: Mudanças nas características do clique podem melhorar o diagnóstico topográfico de perda auditiva, principalmente no grupo de indivíduos com neuropatia auditiva e ausência de emissões otoacústicas, onde muitas vezes somente desta forma é possível o diagnóstico.

Manipulation of auditory stimuli affect the ABR evoked potentials and aid the diagnosis, particularly in auditory neuropathy patients. Some patients with auditory neuropathy lose evoked otoacoustic emissions over time; in these cases, comparing responses to rarefaction and condensation clicks, and decreasing the stimulus rate can show an extended cochlear microphonism or yield an improved electric potential record. AIM: To analyze the effect of these click manipulations on the records of potentials of patients with hearing loss as a form of improving the diagnosis. STUDY DESIGN: A clinical prospective study. PATIENTS AND METHOD: 59 patients with hearing loss underwent ABR recording using rarefaction and condensation clicks at a stimulus rate of 27.7/sec, and rarefaction clicks at a stimulus rate of 3.3/sec. The records were compared to the otoacoustic evoked emission. RESULTS: Eight (13.53%) patients showed changes in the recorded ABR potentials as a result of manipulating the characteristics of clicks, such as extended cochlear microphonism or an improved record of electric potentials. Five patients had no otoacoustic evoked emissions. CONCLUSION: Manipulation of click stimuli can improve the topographic diagnosis of hearing loss, particularly in the group of auditory neuropathy patients with no otoacoustic evoked emissions, where usually, the diagnosis is only possible through the method described above.